Notes
1I. N.P. Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island, New York,
1498-1909. ( New York: Dodd and Company, 1915-1922). See also, Calendar
of Dutch Historical Manuscripts in the Office of the Secretary of State, Albany, New York,
1630-1664. Vol. X, Part III, Council
Minutes. Edited by E.B. O’Callaghan. (Weed,
Parsons and Company, 1865), 258-259.
2Although the original eleven Africans and their
wives were granted “half-free” status in 1644, their children were to remain
enslaved. In response to the charge that
“it is contrary to the laws of every people that any one born of a free Christian
mother should be a slave and be compelled to remain in servitude,” Dutch West India
Company secretary, Cornelius van Tienhoven, argued that only three such children continued
to “do any service.” One of them
was housed with Martin Creiger “who has brought the girl up well, as everybody
knows.” See J. Franklin Jameson, ed., Narratives of New Netherland, 1609-1664. (New York:
Charles Scribner and Sons, 1909), 330 and 365.
3Ibid.
4Edgar McManus,
History of Negro Slavery in New York. (Syracuse, NY:
Syracuse University Press, 1966).
5Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex
and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana, IL: University
of Illinois Press, 1987). See also Joyce
Goodfriend, “Black Families in New Netherland.”
Journal of the Afro-American
Historical and Genealogical Society 5 (1984), 95-107.
6Rita Suisswein Gottisman,ed. The Arts and Crafts in New York, 1726-1776: Advertisements and News Items from New York City
Newspapers (New York: New York
Historical Society, 1938).
7Barbara Bush, Slave
Women in Caribbean Society, 1650-1838. (Bloomington,
Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1990), 67.
8For a discussion of women involved in struggle to
defend their villages, see Robert J. Allison, ed., The
Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Written by Himself. (Boston: Bedford
Books, 1995), 40.
9See David Barry Gaspar, “From `the Sense of
their Slavery’: Slave Women and
Resistance in Antigua, 1632-1763.” In
David Barry Gaspar and Darlene Clark Hine, More Than
Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the
Americas (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana
University Press, 1996), 218-238.
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